Since 2018, the United States has tightened its laws to prevent its rivals from buying into its sensitive sectors – blocking investments in everything from semiconductors to telecommunications.
But the rules weren't always so strict.
In 2016, Jeff Stein, a veteran journalist covering the US intelligence community, got a tip-off: a small insurance company that specialized in selling liability insurance to FBI and CIA agents had been sold to a Chinese entity.
Someone with direct knowledge called me up and said, 'Do you know that the insurance company that insures intelligence personnel is owned by the Chinese?' he remembers. I was astonished!
In 2015, the insurer, Wright USA, had been quietly purchased by Fosun Group, a private company believed to have very close connections with China's leadership.
US concerns became immediately clear: Wright USA was privy to the personal details of many of America's top secret service agents and intelligence officials. No one in the US knew who might have access to that information now the insurer and its parent, Ironshore, were Chinese-owned.
Wright USA wasn't an isolated case. The BBC has exclusive early access to new data that shows how Chinese state money has been flowing into wealthy countries, buying up assets in the US, Europe, the Middle East, and Australia.
In the past couple of decades, China has become the world's biggest overseas investor, giving it the potential to dominate sensitive industries, secrets, and key technologies. Beijing considers the details of its foreign spending overseas – how much money it's spending and where - to be a state secret.
But on the terms of the Wright USA sale, Stein says: There was nothing illegal about it; it was in the open, so to speak. But because everything's intertwined so closely in Beijing, you're essentially giving that [information] up to Chinese intelligence.
The Chinese government was involved in the deal: fresh data reveals that four Chinese state banks had provided a $1.2bn (£912m) loan, routed through the Cayman Islands, to allow Fosun to buy Wright USA.
Stein's story ran in Newsweek magazine. This triggered an inquiry by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Shortly after, the company was sold again back to Americans, the circumstances of which remain unclear.
High-level US intelligence sources confirm the Wright USA sale was one of the cases that led the first Trump administration to tighten its investment laws in 2018.
For many years, it was believed that China's investments were primarily directed at developing countries. However, AidData's efforts revealed that hundreds of billions were flowing into wealthy nations like the US and Germany.
The AidData database highlights state-backed spending matching China’s 2025 strategic goals, showing that their endeavors are part of a larger strategy to enhance key technological capabilities.
China's approach to global investment continues to raise alarms, prompting responses from various nations to safeguard vital sectors from foreign control.
