The historical context of these relations dates back to 1951 when China severed ties with the Holy See. In that era of severe repression, many practicing Catholics resorted to underground churches. The 2018 treaty, reached under Pope Francis, marked an ongoing effort to rectify these longstanding issues. The recognition of bishops by both sides indicates hopeful progress in bridging the gap between the Catholic community and state authorities in China.

Pope Leo XIV's appointment builds on this fragile framework, highlighting a cautious optimism for the Catholic Church in a country where religious expression remains tightly controlled.